Thallium uptake/tolerance in a model (hyper)accumulating plant: Effect of extreme contaminant loads

Thallium (Tl) is a toxic trace element with highly negative effect on the environment. For phytoextraction purposes, it important to know limitations of plant growth. In this study, we conducted experiments model Tl-hyperaccumulating (Sinapis alba L., white mustard) better understand tolerance and/or associated detoxification mechanisms under extreme Tl doses (accumulative 0.7/1.4 mg Tl, in total). Both hydroponic/semi-hydroponic (artificial soil) cultivation variants were studied detail. The bioaccumulation potential for tested reached up 1% total supplied amount. Furthermore, was revealed that plants grown soil-like system did not tolerate concentrations nutrient solutions higher than ~1 mg/L, i.e., wilting symptoms evident. Surprisingly, hydroponic solutions, tolerable concentration by contrast at least 2-times (≥ 2 Tl/L), presumably mimicking K biochemistry. obtained data can serve, combination, as plant-assisted remediation soils or mining/processing wastes enriched possibly environmental cycling general.